I have a question regarding specific rules of inheritance. 1-My mother is divorced and has remarried. The money that she will leave on to her relatives she obtained as a result of her first marriage, not her second. 2- She has a son (me, her only living child from her first marriage), a husband, two grandchildren, and several brothers and sisters, one of whom lives in the same country (USA) as her. 3- From my understanding of the rules of inheritance, she has the right to distribute up to 1/3 (or less) in any Islamically acceptable way that she wishes. 4- After the first 1/3 (or less) is distributed, the remainder according to my knowledge is to be distributed as 1/2 to the son, and 1/4 to her current husband. Is this correct? 5- Are there any other relatives who have rights of inheritance upon her? 6- She wanted to simply divide her assets as 1/2 to me and 1/2 to her grandchildren, but I told her I wanted to make sure she did what was right in Islam, so that is why I am asking.
Praise be to Allah.
This question covers a number of topics:
1 – Those who are entitled to inheritance in this case
are:
The father and mother,
and the husband and wife, and the sons, if there are sons, are not prevented
from inheriting. But each of them should take the share which is decreed
by Allaah. But in the case of daughters, if there are also sons,
they inherit by right of descent [bi’l-ta’seeb] (The
word ‘by right of descent’ can be used with the sons and daughters but
notwith the brothers, sisters, uncles and cousins.
Therefore, I would think thatthe word ‘by agnation’
is more suitable because it means the blood relationshipfrom the side of the father ) on
the basis that each male gets the equivalent of the share of two females.
In the case you mention, those who are entitled to inheritance
are:
The husband, who is entitled to one-quarter because there
is a son (a descendent who is entitled to inherit)
The son, who is entitled to the remainder of the inheritance,
because he inherits by right of descent [ bil-ta’seeb ]
Brothers and sisters
are prevented from inheriting by the presence of the son, so they have
no right to the inheritance.
2 – Ruling on making a will in favour of an heir:
It is not permissible to make a will in favour of any
of the heirs (i.e., those who are entitled to inherit according to sharee’ah).
It was narrated in a saheeh report that the Prophet
(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Allaah has given
to each one who is entitled his rights, and there is no will in favour
of one who is an heir…” (Narrated by al-Tirmidhi, 2047; classed as saheeh
by al-Albaani in Saheeh Abi Dawood, no. 1722.) Shaykh Taqiy al-Deen
said, The ummah is unanimously agreed upon this.
Unless that will is approved by the heirs (who are entitled
to inherit according to sharee’ah), in which case it becomes valid;
it is subject to their consent.
3 – When the will is to be considered.
The will is to be considered immediately following death.
Al-Muwaffaq said: we do not know of any dispute among
the scholars concerning the fact that the will is to be considered immediately
following death.
See al-Mulakhkhas al-Fiqhi by al-Fawzaan, part
2, p. 174.
Ibn Hajar said: The (scholars) are agreed that the one
in whose favour the will is made is to be considered as an heir (i.e.,
one who is entitled to inherit according to sharee’ah) on the day of
death. Even if one made a will in favour of a brother who is an heir
(i.e., one who is entitled to inherit according to sharee’ah), as he
does not have a son to prevent his brother from inheriting, but just
before he dies a son is born to him, and that son prevents his brother
from inheriting, then this will in favour of the brother is valid. If
he made a will in favour of his brother at the time when he had a son,
and the son died before his father, then the brother becomes entitled
to inherit and thus the will becomes invalid.
On this basis it is permissible for your mother to make
a will in favour of her two grandchildren (your two children) so long
as they do not have any rights of inheritance. She may also include
her brothers and sisters in her will, on the condition that she does
not give more than one-third to them, because the Prophet
(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “One-third, and one-third
is a lot.” (Narrated by al-Bukhaari, al-Wasaayaa, 2538)
With regard to giving something whilst one is still alive,
this is a gift. See the answer to Question No. 10447